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Compound Adjectives - A Long List

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  Ed Good  —  Grammar Tips
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Here, for your reference, is a long list of the most frequently encountered types of compound adjectives and the rules on hyphenation. When in doubt, always check the dictionary.

Compound Adjective Formed With Rule on Hyphenation Example
all Always hyphenate. all-inclusive study
century Always hyphenate. twentieth-century   technology
cross Some hyphenated, some open, some closed. Check the dictionary. cross-referenced section
    cross-country skis
But: crosscut saw
fold Closed unless formed with numbers of 100 or more. tenfold increase
    100-fold increase
full Hyphenated before noun, open after noun. full-scale drawings
    The drawings are full scale.
half Most hyphenated, some closed. Check the dictionary. half-inch measurement
    half-baked plan
    halfway house
    halfhearted attempt
high, low, upper, lower, middle, mid Most hyphenated before noun, open after noun. high-volume trading
  highbrow organization   (check the dictionary!)
middle-class voters
midlife crisis
mid-Atlantic region
Mideast peace process
like Closed unless root word ends in or ll or has three syllables or more. catlike jumping ability
childlike demeanor
cathedral-like façade
number + odd Always hyphenate compounds formed with numbers (words or numerals) plus the word odd. twenty-odd pages
    360-odd days
    four-hundred-odd socks   . . .
    but, four hundred odd socks
number Always open when used to express a ratio (with the word percent). ten percent increase
100 percent change
Number + Unit of Measure Always hyphenate three-mile limit
two-week vacation
150-yard skid mark
Number + Unit of Measure + Adjective Always hyphenate two-year-old daughter
sixty-five-year-old man
two-and-a-half-year-old   child
twenty-five-foot-high wall
But: six year-old girls
Number + Number + Unit of Measure + Adjective Hyphenate the number and then the adjective twenty-four six-inch-long measurements
Number + Unit of Measure + Adjective (coming after noun) Hyphenate the number a man sixty-five years old (note plural years)
No hyphen a wall three meters high
  Hyphenate the number twenty-four boys five years old
fractional numbers Hyphenate spelled-out fractions used as adjectives. two-thirds majority
In mixed fractions, the whole number is not joined to the fraction by another hyphen. twenty-one and one-quarter miles
four and one-eighth inches
numbers Hyphenate only the numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine. All others are open. twenty-four bottles of beer on the wall
    two hundred rock stars
over, under Closed unless the word the appears in the compound. overexposed film
  underrated basketball team
    over-the-counter stock   market
    under-the-table deal
self Most hyphenated. Closed if prefix un- is added or suffix added to self. self-confident applicant
self-conscious speaker
    unselfconscious speaker
    selfish act
    selfless character trait
wide Always closed unless cumbersome. Cumbersome compounds are hyphenated when they appear before the noun modified and open after the noun modified. statewide referendum
worldwide legal services
    university-wide crusade (comes before the noun modified)
    The crusade was university wide (after noun modified)

 

Previous: Compound Adjectives and -ly Adverbs

Next: Combining Various Parts of Speech

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10 Comments
  • Terry Moore Collinsworth
    Terry Moore Collinsworth
    Thank you for this. It will be very helpful.
    LikeReply6 years ago
  • Georgie McCashpar
    Georgie McCashpar
    Thanks. Very useful
    LikeReply6 years ago
  • Saah Bundoo
    Saah Bundoo
    I love it. Thank you for the hard work.
    LikeReply7 years ago
  • Ronal Joven
    Ronal Joven
    i need a favor i dont know how to complete this compound adjective is: r--k s--k--- , ill aprecciate so much if anyone could help me, thanks
    LikeReply7 years ago
    • Ahmed Ait Dada Ali
      Ahmed Ait Dada Ali
      rack sack
      LikeReply6 years ago
    • Timothy John O'Connor
      Timothy John O'Connor
      I believe it is rucksack (a bag with shoulder straps that allow it to be carried on someone's back, typically made of a strong, waterproof material and widely used by hikers; a backpack.) no space; no hyphen. 
      LikeReply5 years ago
  • Ananda Wijesooriya
    Ananda Wijesooriya
    Very useful,shot and sweet to me,thank you so much.
    LikeReply7 years ago
  • Andre Charles
    Andre Charles
    not that long but still very useful, thanks
    LikeReply 28 years ago
    • STANDS4
      STANDS4
      You're welcome, Andre!
      LikeReply8 years ago
  • Hernan Parker
    Hernan Parker
    send me a request to add u on my facebook
    LikeReply 18 years ago
  • Hernan Parker
    Hernan Parker
    thank you so much.
    LikeReply 38 years ago
    • STANDS4
      STANDS4
      You're mostly welcome, Hernan!
      LikeReply8 years ago
  • Siddharth Gaikwad
    Siddharth Gaikwad
    very nice
    LikeReply 28 years ago
    • STANDS4
      STANDS4
      Well, thank you!
      LikeReply8 years ago
  • Alex Lielbardis
    Alex Lielbardis
    I thought this was supposed to be a long list.
    LikeReply 28 years ago

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Identify the sentence with correct use of the gerund as the object of the preposition:
A I am interested in reading books.
B He is not capable of understanding the situation.
C She avoids speaking in public.
D They are good at playing the guitar.

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